'The Odyssey: Book 23' by Homer

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Euryclea now went upstairs laughing to tell her mistress that her
dear husband had come home. Her aged knees became young again and
her feet were nimble for joy as she went up to her mistress and bent
over her head to speak to her. "Wake up Penelope, my dear child,"
she exclaimed, "and see with your own eyes something that you have
been wanting this long time past. Ulysses has at last indeed come home
again, and has killed the suitors who were giving so much trouble in
his house, eating up his estate and ill-treating his son."
"My good nurse," answered Penelope, "you must be mad. The gods
sometimes send some very sensible people out of their minds, and
make foolish people become sensible. This is what they must have
been doing to you; for you always used to be a reasonable person.
Why should you thus mock me when I have trouble enough already-
talking such nonsense, and waking me up out of a sweet sleep that
had taken possession of my eyes and closed them? I have never slept so
soundly from the day my poor husband went to that city with the
ill-omened name. Go back again into the women's room; if it had been
any one else, who had woke me up to bring me such absurd news I should
have sent her away with a severe scolding. As it is, your age shall
protect you."
"My dear child," answered Euryclea, "I am not mocking you. It is
quite true as I tell you that Ulysses is come home again. He was the
stranger whom they all kept on treating so badly in the cloister.
Telemachus knew all the time that he was come back, but kept his
father's secret that he might have his revenge on all these wicked
people.
Then Penelope sprang up from her couch, threw her arms round
Euryclea, and wept for joy. "But my dear nurse," said she, "explain
this to me; if he has really come home as you say, how did he manage
to overcome the wicked suitors single handed, seeing what a number
of them there always were?"
"I was not there," answered Euryclea, "and do not know; I only heard
them groaning while they were being killed. We sat crouching and
huddled up in a corner of the women's room with the doors closed, till
your son came to fetch me because his father sent him. Then I found
Ulysses standing over the corpses that were lying on the ground all
round him, one on top of the other. You would have enjoyed it if you
could have seen him standing there all bespattered with blood and
filth, and looking just like a lion. But the corpses are now all piled
up in the gatehouse that is in the outer court, and Ulysses has lit
a great fire to purify the house with sulphur. He has sent me to
call you, so come with me that you may both be happy together after
all; for now at last the desire of your heart has been fulfilled; your
husband is come home to find both wife and son alive and well, and
to take his revenge in his own house on the suitors who behaved so
badly to him."
"'My dear nurse," said Penelope, "do not exult too confidently
over all this. You know how delighted every one would be to see
Ulysses come home- more particularly myself, and the son who has
been born to both of us; but what you tell me cannot be really true.
It is some god who is angry with the suitors for their great
wickedness, and has made an end of them; for they respected no man
in the whole world, neither rich nor poor, who came near them, who
came near them, and they have come to a bad end in consequence of
their iniquity. Ulysses is dead far away from the Achaean land; he
will never return home again."
Then nurse Euryclea said, "My child, what are you talking about? but
you were all hard of belief and have made up your mind that your
husband is never coming, although he is in the house and by his own
fire side at this very moment. Besides I can give you another proof;
when I was washing him I perceived the scar which the wild boar gave
him, and I wanted to tell you about it, but in his wisdom he would not
let me, and clapped his hands over my mouth; so come with me and I
will make this bargain with you- if I am deceiving you, you may have
me killed by the most cruel death you can think of."
"My dear nurse," said Penelope, "however wise you may be you can
hardly fathom the counsels of the gods. Nevertheless, we will go in
search of my son, that I may see the corpses of the suitors, and the
man who has killed them."
On this she came down from her upper room, and while doing so she
considered whether she should keep at a distance from her husband
and question him, or whether she should at once go up to him and
embrace him. When, however, she had crossed the stone floor of the
cloister, she sat down opposite Ulysses by the fire, against the
wall at right angles [to that by which she had entered], while Ulysses
sat near one of the bearing-posts, looking upon the ground, and
waiting to see what his wife would say to him when she saw him. For
a long time she sat silent and as one lost in amazement. At one moment
she looked him full in the face, but then again directly, she was
misled by his shabby clothes and failed to recognize him, till
Telemachus began to reproach her and said:
"Mother- but you are so hard that I cannot call you by such a
name- why do you keep away from my father in this way? Why do you
not sit by his side and begin talking to him and asking him questions?
No other woman could bear to keep away from her husband when he had
come back to her after twenty years of absence, and after having
gone through so much; but your heart always was as hard as a stone."
Penelope answered, "My son, I am so lost in astonishment that I
can find no words in which either to ask questions or to answer
them. I cannot even look him straight in the face. Still, if he really
is Ulysses come back to his own home again, we shall get to understand
one another better by and by, for there are tokens with which we two
are alone acquainted, and which are hidden from all others."
Ulysses smiled at this, and said to Telemachus, "Let your mother put
me to any proof she likes; she will make up her mind about it
presently. She rejects me for the moment and believes me to be
somebody else, because I am covered with dirt and have such bad
clothes on; let us, however, consider what we had better do next. When
one man has killed another, even though he was not one who would leave
many friends to take up his quarrel, the man who has killed him must
still say good bye to his friends and fly the country; whereas we have
been killing the stay of a whole town, and all the picked youth of
Ithaca. I would have you consider this matter."
"Look to it yourself, father," answered Telemachus, "for they say
you are the wisest counsellor in the world, and that there is no other
mortal man who can compare with you. We will follow you with right
good will, nor shall you find us fail you in so far as our strength
holds out."
"I will say what I think will be best," answered Ulysses. "First
wash and put your shirts on; tell the maids also to go to their own
room and dress; Phemius shall then strike up a dance tune on his lyre,
so that if people outside hear, or any of the neighbours, or some
one going along the street happens to notice it, they may think
there is a wedding in the house, and no rumours about the death of the
suitors will get about in the town, before we can escape to the
woods upon my own land. Once there, we will settle which of the
courses heaven vouchsafes us shall seem wisest."
Thus did he speak, and they did even as he had said. First they
washed and put their shirts on, while the women got ready. Then
Phemius took his lyre and set them all longing for sweet song and
stately dance. The house re-echoed with the sound of men and women
dancing, and the people outside said, "I suppose the queen has been
getting married at last. She ought to be ashamed of herself for not
continuing to protect her husband's property until he comes home."
This was what they said, but they did not know what it was that
had been happening. The upper servant Eurynome washed and anointed
Ulysses in his own house and gave him a shirt and cloak, while Minerva
made him look taller and stronger than before; she also made the
hair grow thick on the top of his head, and flow down in curls like
hyacinth blossoms; she glorified him about the head and shoulders just
as a skilful workman who has studied art of all kinds under Vulcan
or Minerva- and his work is full of beauty- enriches a piece of silver
plate by gilding it. He came from the bath looking like one of the
immortals, and sat down opposite his wife on the seat he had left. "My
dear," said he, "heaven has endowed you with a heart more unyielding
than woman ever yet had. No other woman could bear to keep away from
her husband when he had come back to her after twenty years of
absence, and after having gone through so much. But come, nurse, get a
bed ready for me; I will sleep alone, for this woman has a heart as
hard as iron."
"My dear," answered Penelope, "I have no wish to set myself up,
nor to depreciate you; but I am not struck by your appearance, for I
very well remember what kind of a man you were when you set sail
from Ithaca. Nevertheless, Euryclea, take his bed outside the bed
chamber that he himself built. Bring the bed outside this room, and
put bedding upon it with fleeces, good coverlets, and blankets."
She said this to try him, but Ulysses was very angry and said,
"Wife, I am much displeased at what you have just been saying. Who has
been taking my bed from the place in which I left it? He must have
found it a hard task, no matter how skilled a workman he was, unless
some god came and helped him to shift it. There is no man living,
however strong and in his prime, who could move it from its place, for
it is a marvellous curiosity which I made with my very own hands.
There was a young olive growing within the precincts of the house,
in full vigour, and about as thick as a bearing-post. I built my
room round this with strong walls of stone and a roof to cover them,
and I made the doors strong and well-fitting. Then I cut off the top
boughs of the olive tree and left the stump standing. This I dressed
roughly from the root upwards and then worked with carpenter's tools
well and skilfully, straightening my work by drawing a line on the
wood, and making it into a bed-prop. I then bored a hole down the
middle, and made it the centre-post of my bed, at which I worked
till I had finished it, inlaying it with gold and silver; after this I
stretched a hide of crimson leather from one side of it to the
other. So you see I know all about it, and I desire to learn whether
it is still there, or whether any one has been removing it by
cutting down the olive tree at its roots."
When she heard the sure proofs Ulysses now gave her, she fairly
broke down. She flew weeping to his side, flung her arms about his
neck, and kissed him. "Do not be angry with me Ulysses," she cried,
"you, who are the wisest of mankind. We have suffered, both of us.
Heaven has denied us the happiness of spending our youth, and of
growing old, together; do not then be aggrieved or take it amiss
that I did not embrace you thus as soon as I saw you. I have been
shuddering all the time through fear that someone might come here
and deceive me with a lying story; for there are many very wicked
people going about. Jove's daughter Helen would never have yielded
herself to a man from a foreign country, if she had known that the
sons of Achaeans would come after her and bring her back. Heaven put
it in her heart to do wrong, and she gave no thought to that sin,
which has been the source of all our sorrows. Now, however, that you
have convinced me by showing that you know all about our bed (which no
human being has ever seen but you and I and a single maid servant, the
daughter of Actor, who was given me by my father on my marriage, and
who keeps the doors of our room) hard of belief though I have been I
can mistrust no longer."
Then Ulysses in his turn melted, and wept as he clasped his dear and
faithful wife to his bosom. As the sight of land is welcome to men who
are swimming towards the shore, when Neptune has wrecked their ship
with the fury of his winds and waves- a few alone reach the land,
and these, covered with brine, are thankful when they find
themselves on firm ground and out of danger- even so was her husband
welcome to her as she looked upon him, and she could not tear her
two fair arms from about his neck. Indeed they would have gone on
indulging their sorrow till rosy-fingered morn appeared, had not
Minerva determined otherwise, and held night back in the far west,
while she would not suffer Dawn to leave Oceanus, nor to yoke the
two steeds Lampus and Phaethon that bear her onward to break the day
upon mankind.
At last, however, Ulysses said, "Wife, we have not yet reached the
end of our troubles. I have an unknown amount of toil still to
undergo. It is long and difficult, but I must go through with it,
for thus the shade of Teiresias prophesied concerning me, on the day
when I went down into Hades to ask about my return and that of my
companions. But now let us go to bed, that we may lie down and enjoy
the blessed boon of sleep."
"You shall go to bed as soon as you please," replied Penelope,
"now that the gods have sent you home to your own good house and to
your country. But as heaven has put it in your mind to speak of it,
tell me about the task that lies before you. I shall have to hear
about it later, so it is better that I should be told at once."
"My dear," answered Ulysses, "why should you press me to tell you?
Still, I will not conceal it from you, though you will not like BOOK
it. I do not like it myself, for Teiresias bade me travel far and
wide, carrying an oar, till I came to a country where the people
have never heard of the sea, and do not even mix salt with their food.
They know nothing about ships, nor oars that are as the wings of a
ship. He gave me this certain token which I will not hide from you. He
said that a wayfarer should meet me and ask me whether it was a
winnowing shovel that I had on my shoulder. On this, I was to fix my
oar in the ground and sacrifice a ram, a bull, and a boar to
Neptune; after which I was to go home and offer hecatombs to all the
gods in heaven, one after the other. As for myself, he said that death
should come to me from the sea, and that my life should ebb away
very gently when I was full of years and peace of mind, and my
people should bless me. All this, he said, should surely come to
pass."
And Penelope said, "If the gods are going to vouchsafe you a happier
time in your old age, you may hope then to have some respite from
misfortune."
Thus did they converse. Meanwhile Eurynome and the nurse took
torches and made the bed ready with soft coverlets; as soon as they
had laid them, the nurse went back into the house to go to her rest,
leaving the bed chamber woman Eurynome to show Ulysses and Penelope to
bed by torch light. When she had conducted them to their room she went
back, and they then came joyfully to the rites of their own old bed.
Telemachus, Philoetius, and the swineherd now left off dancing, and
made the women leave off also. They then laid themselves down to sleep
in the cloisters.
When Ulysses and Penelope had had their fill of love they fell
talking with one another. She told him how much she had had to bear in
seeing the house filled with a crowd of wicked suitors who had
killed so many sheep and oxen on her account, and had drunk so many
casks of wine. Ulysses in his turn told her what he had suffered,
and how much trouble he had himself given to other people. He told her
everything, and she was so delighted to listen that she never went
to sleep till he had ended his whole story.
He began with his victory over the Cicons, and how he thence reached
the fertile land of the Lotus-eaters. He told her all about the
Cyclops and how he had punished him for having so ruthlessly eaten his
brave comrades; how he then went on to Aeolus, who received him
hospitably and furthered him on his way, but even so he was not to
reach home, for to his great grief a hurricane carried him out to
sea again; how he went on to the Laestrygonian city Telepylos, where
the people destroyed all his ships with their crews, save himself
and his own ship only. Then he told of cunning Circe and her craft,
and how he sailed to the chill house of Hades, to consult the ghost of
the Theban prophet Teiresias, and how he saw his old comrades in arms,
and his mother who bore him and brought him up when he was a child;
how he then heard the wondrous singing of the Sirens, and went on to
the wandering rocks and terrible Charybdis and to Scylla, whom no
man had ever yet passed in safety; how his men then ate the cattle
of the sun-god, and how Jove therefore struck the ship with his
thunderbolts, so that all his men perished together, himself alone
being left alive; how at last he reached the Ogygian island and the
nymph Calypso, who kept him there in a cave, and fed him, and wanted
him to marry her, in which case she intended making him immortal so
that he should never grow old, but she could not persuade him to let
her do so; and how after much suffering he had found his way to the
Phaeacians, who had treated him as though he had been a god, and
sent him back in a ship to his own country after having given him
gold, bronze, and raiment in great abundance. This was the last
thing about which he told her, for here a deep sleep took hold upon
him and eased the burden of his sorrows.
Then Minerva bethought her of another matter. When she deemed that
Ulysses had had both of his wife and of repose, she bade
gold-enthroned Dawn rise out of Oceanus that she might shed light upon
mankind. On this, Ulysses rose from his comfortable bed and said to
Penelope, "Wife, we have both of us had our full share of troubles,
you, here, in lamenting my absence, and I in being prevented from
getting home though I was longing all the time to do so. Now, however,
that we have at last come together, take care of the property that
is in the house. As for the sheep and goats which the wicked suitors
have eaten, I will take many myself by force from other people, and
will compel the Achaeans to make good the rest till they shall have
filled all my yards. I am now going to the wooded lands out in the
country to see my father who has so long been grieved on my account,
and to yourself I will give these instructions, though you have little
need of them. At sunrise it will at once get abroad that I have been
killing the suitors; go upstairs, therefore, and stay there with
your women. See nobody and ask no questions."
As he spoke he girded on his armour. Then he roused Telemachus,
Philoetius, and Eumaeus, and told them all to put on their armour
also. This they did, and armed themselves. When they had done so, they
opened the gates and sallied forth, Ulysses leading the way. It was
now daylight, but Minerva nevertheless concealed them in darkness
and led them quickly out of the town.


Translated by Samuel Butler

Editor 1 Interpretation

The Odyssey: Book 23 by Homer

Wow! Just wow! That's what I thought when I read Book 23 of The Odyssey by Homer. I mean, after going through so many adventures and facing countless challenges, finally, Odysseus is back in Ithaca, his homeland. It's time for him to claim his wife and kingdom back. But wait, what's this new challenge that he's facing? The book is full of surprises, and as a reader, I was hooked from the beginning till the end. In this literary criticism and interpretation, I'm going to delve into the themes, characters, and symbolism that Homer has used in Book 23.

Overview

Book 23 is the penultimate book of The Odyssey, and it's a crucial one. It's the book where Odysseus finally reveals himself to his wife and son, and the book where he takes his revenge against the suitors. Throughout the book, Homer has used various literary techniques to create tension, suspense, and drama. He's also used symbolism to convey deeper meanings and themes.

Themes

One of the significant themes that I noticed in Book 23 is the theme of transformation. Odysseus, who was once a proud and arrogant warrior, has transformed into a humble and wise man. He's learned the importance of patience, endurance, and cunningness. He's also realized that he cannot rely on his physical strength alone and needs to use his intellect to overcome his enemies.

Another theme that I noticed in Book 23 is the theme of loyalty. Odysseus has been away from his homeland for twenty years, yet his loyal wife Penelope has remained faithful to him. She's rejected all the suitors' proposals and waited for her husband's return. Even though she's been tested time and again, she's never given up hope. The loyalty of Penelope is a symbol of the unbreakable bond between a husband and wife.

Characters

The Odyssey is a story filled with complex and dynamic characters, and Book 23 is no exception. In this section, I'm going to analyze some of the key characters in Book 23.

Odysseus

Odysseus is the protagonist of The Odyssey, and his character goes through significant changes throughout the story. In Book 23, we see a different side of Odysseus. He's no longer the brash and impulsive warrior he was before. Instead, he's a wise and patient man who uses his intellect to overcome his enemies.

One of the key moments that showcase Odysseus's transformation is when he tests his wife's loyalty. He pretends to be a beggar and observes how Penelope and his former servant treat him. Instead of revealing his identity right away, he waits and observes. This shows how much Odysseus has changed. In the past, he would have acted rashly, but now he's learned to be patient and prudent.

Penelope

Penelope is the epitome of loyalty in The Odyssey. She's been waiting for her husband's return for twenty years, and even though all the suitors have tried to woo her, she's remained faithful. In Book 23, we see how much she loves her husband. When Odysseus finally reveals himself, she's overjoyed and weeps tears of joy. Her loyalty is a testament to the power of love and the strength of a woman's character.

Telemachus

Telemachus, Odysseus's son, is another character who undergoes a transformation in Book 23. He's no longer the young and inexperienced boy we saw in the earlier books. Instead, he's a confident and capable young man who's ready to fight alongside his father. His transformation is a symbol of the passing of the torch from one generation to the next.

Symbolism

Homer has used various symbols throughout The Odyssey, and Book 23 is no exception. Here are some of the symbols I noticed in the book.

The Bow

The bow that Odysseus uses to shoot the arrow through the axes is a significant symbol in the book. It represents Odysseus's power and strength. It also represents his intellect and skill. The bow is a tool that requires years of practice and discipline to master, and Odysseus's mastery of the bow is a symbol of his determination and perseverance.

The Beggar

The beggar that Odysseus pretends to be is a symbol of his humility. In the past, Odysseus was proud and arrogant, but now he's learned the value of humility. By disguising himself as a beggar, he's able to observe the behavior of his wife and former servant without them realizing who he is. This allows him to gain valuable insights that he wouldn't have been able to if he had revealed his identity right away.

The Suitors

The suitors are a symbol of greed and arrogance. They've come to Odysseus's home to take what they want without giving anything in return. They're a reminder of the dangers of pride and the consequences of greed. In the end, they pay the ultimate price for their arrogance and disrespect.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Book 23 of The Odyssey is a masterful piece of literature that showcases Homer's skill as a storyteller. The book is full of surprises, and the characters are complex and dynamic. Homer has used symbolism to convey deeper meanings and themes, and the result is a work of art that has stood the test of time. I highly recommend this book to anyone who loves literature and wants to experience the power of storytelling.

Editor 2 Analysis and Explanation

The Odyssey: Book 23 - A Masterpiece of Greek Epic Poetry

Homer's epic poem, The Odyssey, is a timeless masterpiece of Greek literature that has captivated readers for centuries. The poem tells the story of Odysseus, a Greek hero who embarks on a perilous journey home after the Trojan War. Book 23 of The Odyssey is a pivotal moment in the story, as it marks the reunion of Odysseus with his wife, Penelope. In this analysis, we will explore the themes, symbols, and literary devices used in Book 23, and how they contribute to the overall meaning of the poem.

The Themes of Book 23

One of the central themes of Book 23 is the power of love and loyalty. Throughout the poem, Odysseus demonstrates his unwavering devotion to his wife, despite the many obstacles he faces on his journey home. This devotion is reciprocated by Penelope, who remains faithful to Odysseus despite the many suitors who seek her hand in marriage. The reunion of Odysseus and Penelope in Book 23 is a testament to the enduring power of love and loyalty, and a celebration of the strength of the human spirit.

Another important theme in Book 23 is the idea of identity and self-discovery. Throughout the poem, Odysseus struggles to find his place in the world, as he is torn between his desire for adventure and his longing for home. In Book 23, Odysseus finally finds his true identity as a husband and father, and is able to reconcile his desire for adventure with his love for his family. This theme is also reflected in the character of Penelope, who must navigate the complex social expectations of her role as a wife and queen, while also asserting her own identity and agency.

The Symbols of Book 23

One of the most powerful symbols in Book 23 is the bed of Odysseus and Penelope. This bed represents the enduring love and loyalty between the couple, and serves as a symbol of their shared history and experiences. When Odysseus reveals the secret of the bed to Penelope, she is finally convinced that he is truly her husband, and not an imposter. This moment is a powerful symbol of the power of love and trust, and the importance of shared experiences in building a strong relationship.

Another important symbol in Book 23 is the bow of Odysseus. This bow represents the power and skill of the hero, and serves as a symbol of his ability to overcome obstacles and achieve his goals. When Odysseus successfully strings the bow and shoots an arrow through the twelve axes, he proves his worth as a hero and earns the respect of his fellow men. This moment is a powerful symbol of the importance of perseverance and determination in achieving success.

The Literary Devices of Book 23

Homer uses a variety of literary devices in Book 23 to enhance the meaning and impact of the poem. One of the most notable devices is the use of imagery, which helps to create vivid and memorable scenes in the reader's mind. For example, when Odysseus reveals the secret of the bed to Penelope, Homer uses rich and detailed imagery to describe the construction of the bed, and the memories it holds for the couple. This imagery helps to reinforce the importance of the bed as a symbol of their love and loyalty.

Another important literary device in Book 23 is the use of foreshadowing. Throughout the poem, Homer hints at the eventual reunion of Odysseus and Penelope, and the defeat of the suitors. This foreshadowing creates a sense of anticipation and suspense in the reader, and helps to build tension and excitement as the story unfolds. When the reunion finally occurs, it is a satisfying and cathartic moment for the reader, who has been eagerly awaiting this outcome.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Book 23 of The Odyssey is a masterpiece of Greek epic poetry that explores themes of love, loyalty, identity, and self-discovery. Through the use of powerful symbols and literary devices, Homer creates a vivid and memorable portrait of the reunion of Odysseus and Penelope, and the triumph of love over adversity. This poem is a testament to the enduring power of human relationships, and a celebration of the strength and resilience of the human spirit.

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