'Many cross the Rhine' by Emily Dickinson


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Many cross the Rhine
In this cup of mine.
Sip old Frankfort air
From my brown Cigar.

Editor 1 Interpretation

Many cross the Rhine: A literary analysis of Emily Dickinson's poem

Emily Dickinson is one of America's most celebrated poets, known for her unique and often enigmatic style. Her work has been the subject of endless analysis, interpretation, and admiration. One of her most beautiful and poignant poems is "Many cross the Rhine," a meditation on death and the afterlife. In this essay, we will explore the themes, language, and structure of the poem, as well as its historical and cultural context.

The Poem

Many cross the Rhine Equally dear As ever its wavelets Resemble a tear — So the multitude goes Safely on high With a coral lip And a dewy eye — As late this tiny star Assured our way Resting — it guided me Still I convey — A different core Leaves this on the turf — Witnessed by her star — Matron! thy cheek was rough!

Themes

At its core, "Many cross the Rhine" is a poem about death and the afterlife. The Rhine, a river that flows through Germany, has been a symbol of death and transcendence in literature and mythology for centuries. In this poem, Dickinson uses the river as a metaphor for the journey from life to death. The image of the Rhine's "wavelets" resembling a "tear" suggests the emotional weight of this journey. Yet, the tone of the poem is not sad or mournful, but rather serene and peaceful. The "multitude" of people crossing the river are "equally dear" and seem to be "safely on high" with "coral lips" and "dewy eyes." Dickinson's vision of the afterlife is not one of judgment or punishment, but of love and acceptance.

Another theme of the poem is the idea of guidance and protection. The speaker refers to a "tiny star" that "assured our way" and guided her through the journey. This star is a symbol of faith and hope, a source of comfort and reassurance. The speaker is also aware of her own mortality, as she leaves a "different core" behind on the "turf." The use of the word "core" suggests something essential, something that defines us as individuals. Yet, even in death, the speaker is guided and protected by the star, which witnesses her passing.

Language

One of the most striking aspects of "Many cross the Rhine" is Dickinson's use of language. Her poetry is known for its spare, almost minimalist style, yet it is also rich in imagery, metaphor, and symbolism. In this poem, she uses simple, almost childlike language to convey complex ideas. The use of the word "dear" to describe the multitude crossing the Rhine suggests not only affection but also the idea that all of us are equally important and valuable in the eyes of the divine. The image of the "coral lip" and the "dewy eye" suggests not only physical beauty but also the idea of purity and innocence. The speaker's use of the word "convey" instead of "carry" or "transport" adds a sense of urgency and importance to her mission of guiding others across the river.

Dickinson's use of metaphor is also noteworthy. The Rhine, as we have seen, is a powerful symbol of death and transcendence. The "tiny star" that guides the speaker is a symbol of faith and hope, a light in the darkness. The image of the star being "witnessed" by the matron suggests a sense of accountability, as if our actions in life are being watched and judged by a higher power.

Structure

The structure of "Many cross the Rhine" is deceptively simple. The poem consists of four quatrains, or stanzas with four lines each. The rhyme scheme is ABCB, meaning that the second and fourth lines of each stanza rhyme. The meter is also consistent throughout the poem, with four stressed syllables in each line. This strict form gives the poem a sense of order and symmetry, which contrasts with the idea of death and chaos.

Yet, within this strict structure, Dickinson uses enjambment and punctuation to create pauses and emphasis. For example, the first line ends with "Rhine" and the second line begins with "Equally," creating a pause and a sense of anticipation. The use of the em dash at the end of the second and third stanzas also creates a sense of interruption or hesitation, as if the speaker is pausing to reflect on the image she has just described.

Historical and Cultural Context

To fully appreciate "Many cross the Rhine," it is important to understand the historical and cultural context in which it was written. The poem was likely composed in the mid-1860s, a time of great social and political upheaval in America. The country was still reeling from the Civil War, which had claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians. The idea of death and loss was ever present in the culture, and many people turned to religion and spirituality for solace and guidance.

Dickinson herself was deeply influenced by the theology of her time, particularly the idea of transcendentalism. Transcendentalism was a movement that emphasized the importance of individual experience and intuition, and the belief that the divine could be found in nature and in the human soul. Dickinson's poetry often reflects these ideas, as she explores themes of nature, death, and spirituality.

Conclusion

In conclusion, "Many cross the Rhine" is a beautiful and moving poem that explores themes of death, transcendence, and faith. Dickinson's use of language, metaphor, and structure creates a sense of serenity and peace, even in the face of mortality. The poem's historical and cultural context adds to its resonance, as it speaks to the enduring human need for comfort and guidance in times of loss and uncertainty. Ultimately, "Many cross the Rhine" is a testament to the power of poetry to offer hope and solace in the face of life's biggest challenges.

Editor 2 Analysis and Explanation

Many Cross the Rhine: An Analysis of Emily Dickinson's Classic Poem

Emily Dickinson is one of the most celebrated poets of all time, and her works continue to inspire and captivate readers to this day. Among her many famous poems is "Many Cross the Rhine," a powerful and evocative piece that explores themes of war, death, and the human condition. In this article, we will take a closer look at this classic poem and analyze its meaning, structure, and literary devices.

The poem begins with the line "Many cross the Rhine," which immediately sets the tone for the rest of the piece. The Rhine is a river that has played a significant role in European history, particularly in times of war. The fact that many people are crossing it suggests that there is a conflict or upheaval taking place. The use of the word "many" also implies that this is not a small-scale event, but rather a significant movement of people.

As the poem continues, Dickinson describes the scene in more detail. She writes, "I build my friend an altar / In the air." This line is particularly interesting because it suggests that the speaker is not physically present at the scene of the crossing. Instead, she is constructing an imaginary altar for her friend, who may be one of the many people crossing the Rhine. This creates a sense of distance and detachment from the events taking place, which is a common theme in Dickinson's work.

The next few lines of the poem are perhaps the most powerful. Dickinson writes, "I strive to breathe a prayer / Above it all / In my friend's name." Here, the speaker is expressing her desire to pray for her friend's safety and well-being. The fact that she has to "strive" to do so suggests that this is not an easy task. The chaos and turmoil of the crossing make it difficult for her to focus and find peace. However, the fact that she is making this effort shows her deep concern for her friend and her desire to help in any way she can.

The poem then takes a darker turn as Dickinson writes, "Many cross the Rhine / I build my friend an altar / As I cross the same." Here, the speaker reveals that she is also crossing the Rhine, presumably to join her friend or to escape the conflict. The repetition of the line "Many cross the Rhine" emphasizes the scale of the event and the fact that many people are being affected by it. The fact that the speaker is also crossing the river suggests that she is not immune to the dangers and hardships of war.

The final lines of the poem are perhaps the most enigmatic. Dickinson writes, "O God, protect the troops, / The men / Who go / In innocence / In folly / And in love." Here, the speaker is praying for the safety of the soldiers who are involved in the conflict. The use of the word "innocence" suggests that these soldiers are not necessarily evil or malicious, but rather caught up in a larger system of violence and oppression. The use of the words "folly" and "love" also suggest that there are complex emotions and motivations at play in this conflict.

Overall, "Many Cross the Rhine" is a powerful and evocative poem that explores themes of war, death, and the human condition. The use of imagery, repetition, and enigmatic language creates a sense of mystery and depth that is characteristic of Dickinson's work. The poem invites readers to reflect on the nature of conflict and the impact it has on individuals and society as a whole. It is a timeless piece that continues to resonate with readers today, and a testament to Dickinson's enduring legacy as one of the greatest poets of all time.

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