'And Did Those Feet In Ancient Time' by William Blake


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And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?

And did the Countenance Divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark satanic mills?

Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear! O clouds, unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire!

I will not cease from mental fight,
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land.

Editor 1 Interpretation

And Did Those Feet In Ancient Time: A Literary Criticism and Interpretation

Ah, William Blake! The man who saw angels in trees and spoke to the spirits of the dead. The poet who questioned the notions of authority, religion, and society. The artist who created illustrations that were as stunning as they were eerie. And the author of one of the most famous poems in the English language: "And Did Those Feet In Ancient Time."

What makes this poem so special? What makes it endure through the ages? What is its meaning, its message, its beauty? These are the questions that we will explore in this literary criticism and interpretation. So buckle up, dear reader, and let us dive into the world of Blake's imagination.

The Poem

First, let us read the poem in its entirety:

And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?

And did the countenance divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark Satanic mills?

Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear! O clouds, unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire!

I will not cease from mental fight,
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land.

What a powerful, evocative, and passionate piece of writing! The poem consists of four stanzas, each with four lines of irregular meter and rhyme. The first and second stanzas pose a series of rhetorical questions about the presence of Jesus Christ in England, specifically in the form of his feet and his lamb. The third stanza shifts focus to the countenance of God, which is said to have shone upon the hills of England. The fourth and final stanza is a call to action, a declaration of the speaker's determination to fight and build Jerusalem in England.

The Historical Context

Before we delve into the interpretation of the poem, let us first consider the historical context in which it was written. Blake composed "And Did Those Feet" in 1804, during a time of great political and social upheaval in England. The country was at war with France, the Industrial Revolution was in full swing, and there were widespread calls for reform and revolution.

Blake himself was a radical thinker who opposed the status quo and championed the rights of the individual. He was deeply critical of the Church of England, which he saw as a corrupt and oppressive institution. He was also a visionary who believed in the power of imagination and creativity to transform society. All of these themes are reflected in "And Did Those Feet."

The Interpretation

Now, let us turn to the interpretation of the poem. What does it mean? What is its message? What is it trying to say? These are not easy questions to answer, as Blake's poetry is notoriously complex and multi-layered. However, we can identify several key themes and motifs that run throughout the poem.

Religious Imagery

Perhaps the most obvious theme of "And Did Those Feet" is its religious imagery. The poem references Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, and the countenance divine, all of which are central figures in Christian theology. However, Blake's treatment of these figures is not straightforward or orthodox. Rather, he uses them as symbols of a deeper spiritual truth.

For Blake, Jesus Christ is not just a historical figure, but a symbol of the divine spark that exists within all humanity. The Lamb of God represents innocence and purity, which are qualities that Blake believed were essential for a society to flourish. The countenance divine, meanwhile, is a metaphor for the transcendent nature of God, which can be glimpsed in moments of inspiration and insight.

National Identity

Another important theme of "And Did Those Feet" is national identity. The poem asks whether Jesus Christ walked upon England's mountains green and whether Jerusalem was built in England. These questions are not just about historical fact, but about the relationship between religion, history, and national identity.

Blake was a proud Englishman who believed that his country had a special role to play in the world. He saw England as a place of natural beauty and spiritual potential, but also as a place of corruption and oppression. Through his poetry, he sought to inspire a sense of national pride and a commitment to creating a better society.

Industrialization

A third theme of "And Did Those Feet" is industrialization. The poem references "dark Satanic mills," which are a metaphor for the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial Revolution. Blake was deeply critical of the factories and machines that were transforming England's landscape and society. He saw them as symbols of the soulless materialism that was replacing the spiritual values of the past.

Imagination

Finally, a key motif of "And Did Those Feet" is imagination. The poem ends with a call to action, a declaration of the speaker's determination to build Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land. This is not a literal call to construct a physical city, but a metaphor for the power of the human imagination to create a better world.

For Blake, imagination was a transformative force that could break down the barriers between the individual and society, between the material and the spiritual, between the present and the future. He believed that artistic and literary creativity could inspire people to see the world in a new way and to work towards a better future.

The Beauty

So, what makes "And Did Those Feet" such a beautiful and enduring poem? There are many factors, but perhaps the most important is its combination of passion, mystery, and wonder. Blake's language is rich and evocative, full of vivid imagery and powerful emotions. He uses rhetorical questions to provoke the reader's imagination and to encourage them to think deeply about the themes of the poem.

At the same time, there is a sense of mystery and ambiguity in the poem. Blake does not offer easy answers or solutions to the problems he identifies. Instead, he invites the reader to explore these themes for themselves, using their own imagination and creativity. This makes the poem timeless and universal, as it speaks to the human desire for meaning and purpose.

Conclusion

In conclusion, "And Did Those Feet" is a masterpiece of English literature that continues to inspire and challenge readers today. Through its religious imagery, national identity, critique of industrialization, and celebration of imagination, the poem offers a vision of a better world that is both passionate and mysterious. Blake's language is beautiful, his themes are profound, and his message is timeless. Whether you are a lover of poetry, a student of history, or a seeker of truth, "And Did Those Feet" is a poem that you should read and cherish.

Editor 2 Analysis and Explanation

And Did Those Feet In Ancient Time: A Poem That Inspires Hope and Change

William Blake's poem, "And Did Those Feet In Ancient Time," is a classic piece of literature that has inspired generations of readers. The poem is a call to action, a plea for people to rise up and fight against the injustices of the world. It is a poem that speaks to the heart of humanity, urging us to strive for a better world.

The poem was originally published in 1804 as part of Blake's preface to his epic poem, "Milton." The poem has since become one of Blake's most famous works, and it has been set to music and used as a hymn in churches around the world.

The poem is a series of questions that Blake asks about the ancient history of England. He wonders if Jesus Christ ever walked on the land of England, and if the country was once a place of peace and prosperity. He asks if the "Satanic mills" of the Industrial Revolution have destroyed the beauty of the land, and if the people of England have lost their sense of morality and compassion.

The poem is a call to action, urging the people of England to rise up and fight against the injustices of the world. Blake asks if the people of England will "build Jerusalem" in their own land, creating a new society based on love, compassion, and justice.

The poem is filled with powerful imagery and metaphors. Blake refers to the "dark, satanic mills" of the Industrial Revolution, which were responsible for the pollution and destruction of the natural world. He also refers to the "chariot of fire," which is a symbol of the divine power that can inspire people to rise up and fight for what is right.

The poem is also filled with religious imagery, as Blake draws on the stories of Jesus Christ and the Bible to inspire his readers. He asks if Jesus ever walked on the land of England, and if the country was once a place of peace and prosperity. He also refers to the "holy Lamb of God," which is a symbol of the divine love that can inspire people to create a better world.

The poem is a powerful call to action, urging people to rise up and fight for what is right. It is a poem that speaks to the heart of humanity, inspiring us to strive for a better world. Blake's use of powerful imagery and metaphors, combined with his religious references, creates a poem that is both inspiring and thought-provoking.

The poem has been set to music and used as a hymn in churches around the world. The most famous version of the hymn is "Jerusalem," which was composed by Sir Hubert Parry in 1916. The hymn has become a symbol of hope and inspiration, and it is often sung at important events, such as the opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games in London.

The poem has also been used as a political slogan, particularly by the British Labour Party. The party used the phrase "building a new Jerusalem" in their 1945 election manifesto, which promised to create a new society based on social justice and equality.

In conclusion, William Blake's poem, "And Did Those Feet In Ancient Time," is a powerful call to action that inspires hope and change. The poem urges us to rise up and fight against the injustices of the world, and to create a new society based on love, compassion, and justice. The poem's use of powerful imagery and metaphors, combined with its religious references, creates a poem that is both inspiring and thought-provoking. The poem has become a symbol of hope and inspiration, and it continues to inspire generations of readers to strive for a better world.

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