'Metamorphoses: Book The First' by Ovid

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1 ADOF bodies chang'd to various forms, I sing:Ye Gods, from whom these miracles did spring,Inspire my numbers with coelestial heat;'Till I my long laborious work compleat:And add perpetual tenour to my rhimes,Deduc'd from Nature's birth, to Caesar's times.The Creation ofBefore the seas, and this terrestrial ball,the WorldAnd Heav'n's high canopy, that covers all,One was the face of Nature; if a face:Rather a rude and indigested mass:A lifeless lump, unfashion'd, and unfram'd,Of jarring seeds; and justly Chaos nam'd.No sun was lighted up, the world to view;No moon did yet her blunted horns renew:Nor yet was Earth suspended in the sky,Nor pois'd, did on her own foundations lye:Nor seas about the shores their arms had thrown;But earth, and air, and water, were in one.Thus air was void of light, and earth unstable,And water's dark abyss unnavigable.No certain form on any was imprest;All were confus'd, and each disturb'd the rest.For hot and cold were in one body fixt;And soft with hard, and light with heavy mixt.But God, or Nature, while they thus contend,To these intestine discords put an end:Then earth from air, and seas from earth weredriv'n,And grosser air sunk from aetherial Heav'n.Thus disembroil'd, they take their proper place;The next of kin, contiguously embrace;And foes are sunder'd, by a larger space.The force of fire ascended first on high,And took its dwelling in the vaulted sky:Then air succeeds, in lightness next to fire;Whose atoms from unactive earth retire.Earth sinks beneath, and draws a num'rous throngOf pondrous, thick, unwieldy seeds along.About her coasts, unruly waters roar;And rising, on a ridge, insult the shore.Thus when the God, whatever God was he,Had form'd the whole, and made the parts agree,That no unequal portions might be found,He moulded Earth into a spacious round:Then with a breath, he gave the winds to blow;And bad the congregated waters flow.He adds the running springs, and standing lakes;And bounding banks for winding rivers makes.Some part, in Earth are swallow'd up, the mostIn ample oceans, disembogu'd, are lost.He shades the woods, the vallies he restrainsWith rocky mountains, and extends the plains.And as five zones th' aetherial regions bind,Five, correspondent, are to Earth assign'd:The sun with rays, directly darting down,Fires all beneath, and fries the middle zone:The two beneath the distant poles, complainOf endless winter, and perpetual rain.Betwixt th' extreams, two happier climates holdThe temper that partakes of hot, and cold.The fields of liquid air, inclosing all,Surround the compass of this earthly ball:The lighter parts lye next the fires above;The grosser near the watry surface move:Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there,And thunder's voice, which wretched mortals fear,And winds that on their wings cold winter bear.Nor were those blustring brethren left at large,On seas, and shores, their fury to discharge:Bound as they are, and circumscrib'd in place,They rend the world, resistless, where they pass;And mighty marks of mischief leave behind;Such is the rage of their tempestuous kind.First Eurus to the rising morn is sent(The regions of the balmy continent);And Eastern realms, where early Persians run,To greet the blest appearance of the sun.Westward, the wanton Zephyr wings his flight;Pleas'd with the remnants of departing light:Fierce Boreas, with his off-spring, issues forthT' invade the frozen waggon of the North.While frowning Auster seeks the Southern sphere;And rots, with endless rain, th' unwholsom year.High o'er the clouds, and empty realms of wind,The God a clearer space for Heav'n design'd;Where fields of light, and liquid aether flow;Purg'd from the pondrous dregs of Earth below.Scarce had the Pow'r distinguish'd these, whenstreightThe stars, no longer overlaid with weight,Exert their heads, from underneath the mass;And upward shoot, and kindle as they pass,And with diffusive light adorn their heav'nlyplace.Then, every void of Nature to supply,With forms of Gods he fills the vacant sky:New herds of beasts he sends, the plains to share:New colonies of birds, to people air:And to their oozy beds, the finny fish repair.A creature of a more exalted kindWas wanting yet, and then was Man design'd:Conscious of thought, of more capacious breast,For empire form'd, and fit to rule the rest:Whether with particles of heav'nly fireThe God of Nature did his soul inspire,Or Earth, but new divided from the sky,And, pliant, still retain'd th' aetherial energy:Which wise Prometheus temper'd into paste,And, mixt with living streams, the godlike imagecast.Thus, while the mute creation downward bendTheir sight, and to their earthly mother tend,Man looks aloft; and with erected eyesBeholds his own hereditary skies.From such rude principles our form began;And earth was metamorphos'd into Man.TheThe golden age was first; when Man yet new,Golden AgeNo rule but uncorrupted reason knew:And, with a native bent, did good pursue.Unforc'd by punishment, un-aw'd by fear,His words were simple, and his soul sincere;Needless was written law, where none opprest:The law of Man was written in his breast:No suppliant crowds before the judge appear'd,No court erected yet, nor cause was heard:But all was safe, for conscience was their guard.The mountain-trees in distant prospect please,E're yet the pine descended to the seas:E're sails were spread, new oceans to explore:And happy mortals, unconcern'd for more,Confin'd their wishes to their native shore.No walls were yet; nor fence, nor mote, nor mound,Nor drum was heard, nor trumpet's angry sound:Nor swords were forg'd; but void of care and crime,The soft creation slept away their time.The teeming Earth, yet guiltless of the plough,And unprovok'd, did fruitful stores allow:Content with food, which Nature freely bred,On wildings and on strawberries they fed;Cornels and bramble-berries gave the rest,And falling acorns furnish'd out a feast.The flow'rs unsown, in fields and meadows reign'd:And Western winds immortal spring maintain'd.In following years, the bearded corn ensu'dFrom Earth unask'd, nor was that Earth renew'd.From veins of vallies, milk and nectar broke;And honey sweating through the pores of oak.TheBut when good Saturn, banish'd from above,Silver AgeWas driv'n to Hell, the world was under Jove.Succeeding times a silver age behold,Excelling brass, but more excell'd by gold.Then summer, autumn, winter did appear:And spring was but a season of the year.The sun his annual course obliquely made,Good days contracted, and enlarg'd the bad.Then air with sultry heats began to glow;The wings of winds were clogg'd with ice and snow;And shivering mortals, into houses driv'n,Sought shelter from th' inclemency of Heav'n.Those houses, then, were caves, or homely sheds;With twining oziers fenc'd; and moss their beds.Then ploughs, for seed, the fruitful furrows broke,And oxen labour'd first beneath the yoke.TheTo this came next in course, the brazen age:Brazen AgeA warlike offspring, prompt to bloody rage,Not impious yet...TheHard steel succeeded then:Iron AgeAnd stubborn as the metal, were the men.Truth, modesty, and shame, the world forsook:Fraud, avarice, and force, their places took.Then sails were spread, to every wind that blew.Raw were the sailors, and the depths were new:Trees, rudely hollow'd, did the waves sustain;E're ships in triumph plough'd the watry plain.Then land-marks limited to each his right:For all before was common as the light.Nor was the ground alone requir'd to bearHer annual income to the crooked share,But greedy mortals, rummaging her store,Digg'd from her entrails first the precious oar;Which next to Hell, the prudent Gods had laid;And that alluring ill, to sight display'd.Thus cursed steel, and more accursed gold,Gave mischief birth, and made that mischief bold:And double death did wretched Man invade,By steel assaulted, and by gold betray'd,Now (brandish'd weapons glittering in their hands)Mankind is broken loose from moral bands;No rights of hospitality remain:The guest, by him who harbour'd him, is slain,The son-in-law pursues the father's life;The wife her husband murders, he the wife.The step-dame poyson for the son prepares;The son inquires into his father's years.Faith flies, and piety in exile mourns;And justice, here opprest, to Heav'n returns.TheNor were the Gods themselves more safe above;Giants' WarAgainst beleaguer'd Heav'n the giants move.Hills pil'd on hills, on mountains mountains lie,To make their mad approaches to the skie.'Till Jove, no longer patient, took his timeT' avenge with thunder their audacious crime:Red light'ning plaid along the firmament,And their demolish'd works to pieces rent.Sing'd with the flames, and with the boltstransfixt,With native Earth, their blood the monsters mixt;The blood, indu'd with animating heat,Did in th' impregnant Earth new sons beget:They, like the seed from which they sprung,accurst,Against the Gods immortal hatred nurst,An impious, arrogant, and cruel brood;Expressing their original from blood.Which when the king of Gods beheld from high(Withal revolving in his memory,What he himself had found on Earth of late,Lycaon's guilt, and his inhumane treat),He sigh'd; nor longer with his pity strove;But kindled to a wrath becoming Jove:Then call'd a general council of the Gods;Who summon'd, issue from their blest abodes,And fill th' assembly with a shining train.A way there is, in Heav'n's expanded plain,Which, when the skies are clear, is seen below,And mortals, by the name of Milky, know.The ground-work is of stars; through which the roadLyes open to the Thunderer's abode:The Gods of greater nations dwell around,And, on the right and left, the palace bound;The commons where they can: the nobler sortWith winding-doors wide open, front the court.This place, as far as Earth with Heav'n may vie,I dare to call the Louvre of the skie.When all were plac'd, in seats distinctly known,And he, their father, had assum'd the throne,Upon his iv'ry sceptre first he leant,Then shook his head, that shook the firmament:Air, Earth, and seas, obey'd th' almighty nod;And, with a gen'ral fear, confess'd the God.At length, with indignation, thus he brokeHis awful silence, and the Pow'rs bespoke.I was not more concern'd in that debateOf empire, when our universal stateWas put to hazard, and the giant raceOur captive skies were ready to imbrace:For tho' the foe was fierce, the seeds of allRebellion, sprung from one original;Now, wheresoever ambient waters glide,All are corrupt, and all must be destroy'd.Let me this holy protestation make,By Hell, and Hell's inviolable lake,I try'd whatever in the godhead lay:But gangren'd members must be lopt away,Before the nobler parts are tainted to decay.There dwells below, a race of demi-gods,Of nymphs in waters, and of fawns in woods:Who, tho' not worthy yet, in Heav'n to live,Let 'em, at least, enjoy that Earth we give.Can these be thought securely lodg'd below,When I my self, who no superior know,I, who have Heav'n and Earth at my command,Have been attempted by Lycaon's hand?At this a murmur through the synod went,And with one voice they vote his punishment.Thus, when conspiring traytors dar'd to doomThe fall of Caesar, and in him of Rome,The nations trembled with a pious fear;All anxious for their earthly Thunderer:Nor was their care, o Caesar, less esteem'dBy thee, than that of Heav'n for Jove was deem'd:Who with his hand, and voice, did first restrainTheir murmurs, then resum'd his speech again.The Gods to silence were compos'd, and sateWith reverence, due to his superior state.Cancel your pious cares; already heHas paid his debt to justice, and to me.Yet what his crimes, and what my judgments were,Remains for me thus briefly to declare.The clamours of this vile degenerate age,The cries of orphans, and th' oppressor's rage,Had reach'd the stars: I will descend, said I,In hope to prove this loud complaint a lye.Disguis'd in humane shape, I travell'd roundThe world, and more than what I heard, I found.O'er Maenalus I took my steepy way,By caverns infamous for beasts of prey:Then cross'd Cyllene, and the piny shadeMore infamous, by curst Lycaon made:Dark night had cover'd Heaven, and Earth, beforeI enter'd his unhospitable door.Just at my entrance, I display'd the signThat somewhat was approaching of divine.The prostrate people pray; the tyrant grins;And, adding prophanation to his sins,I'll try, said he, and if a God appear,To prove his deity shall cost him dear.'Twas late; the graceless wretch my death prepares,When I shou'd soundly sleep, opprest with cares:This dire experiment he chose, to proveIf I were mortal, or undoubted Jove:But first he had resolv'd to taste my pow'r;Not long before, but in a luckless hour,Some legates, sent from the Molossian state,Were on a peaceful errand come to treat:Of these he murders one, he boils the flesh;And lays the mangled morsels in a dish:Some part he roasts; then serves it up, so drest,And bids me welcome to this humane feast.Mov'd with disdain, the table I o'er-turn'd;And with avenging flames, the palace burn'd.The tyrant in a fright, for shelter gainsThe neighb'ring fields, and scours along theplains.Howling he fled, and fain he wou'd have spoke;But humane voice his brutal tongue forsook.About his lips the gather'd foam he churns,And, breathing slaughters, still with rage heburns,But on the bleating flock his fury turns.His mantle, now his hide, with rugged hairsCleaves to his back; a famish'd face he bears;His arms descend, his shoulders sink awayTo multiply his legs for chase of prey.He grows a wolf, his hoariness remains,And the same rage in other members reigns.His eyes still sparkle in a narr'wer space:His jaws retain the grin, and violence of his faceThis was a single ruin, but not oneDeserves so just a punishment alone.Mankind's a monster, and th' ungodly timesConfed'rate into guilt, are sworn to crimes.All are alike involv'd in ill, and allMust by the same relentless fury fall.Thus ended he; the greater Gods assent;By clamours urging his severe intent;The less fill up the cry for punishment.Yet still with pity they remember Man;And mourn as much as heav'nly spirits can.They ask, when those were lost of humane birth,What he wou'd do with all this waste of Earth:If his dispeopl'd world he would resignTo beasts, a mute, and more ignoble line;Neglected altars must no longer smoke,If none were left to worship, and invoke.To whom the Father of the Gods reply'd,Lay that unnecessary fear aside:Mine be the care, new people to provide.I will from wondrous principles ordainA race unlike the first, and try my skill again.Already had he toss'd the flaming brand;And roll'd the thunder in his spacious hand;Preparing to discharge on seas and land:But stopt, for fear, thus violently driv'n,The sparks should catch his axle-tree of Heav'n.Remembring in the fates, a time when fireShou'd to the battlements of Heaven aspire,And all his blazing worlds above shou'd burn;And all th' inferior globe to cinders turn.His dire artill'ry thus dismist, he bentHis thoughts to some securer punishment:Concludes to pour a watry deluge down;And what he durst not burn, resolves to drown.The northern breath, that freezes floods, hebinds;With all the race of cloud-dispelling winds:The south he loos'd, who night and horror brings;And foggs are shaken from his flaggy wings.From his divided beard two streams he pours,His head, and rheumy eyes distill in show'rs,With rain his robe, and heavy mantle flow:And lazy mists are lowring on his brow;Still as he swept along, with his clench'd fistHe squeez'd the clouds, th' imprison'd cloudsresist:The skies, from pole to pole, with peals resound;And show'rs inlarg'd, come pouring on the ground.Then, clad in colours of a various dye,Junonian Iris breeds a new supplyTo feed the clouds: impetuous rain descends;The bearded corn beneath the burden bends:Defrauded clowns deplore their perish'd grain;And the long labours of the year are vain.Nor from his patrimonial Heaven aloneIs Jove content to pour his vengeance down;Aid from his brother of the seas he craves,To help him with auxiliary waves.The watry tyrant calls his brooks and floods,Who rowl from mossie caves (their moist abodes);And with perpetual urns his palace fill:To whom in brief, he thus imparts his will.Small exhortation needs; your pow'rs employ:And this bad world, so Jove requires, destroy.Let loose the reins to all your watry store:Bear down the damms, and open ev'ry door.The floods, by Nature enemies to land,And proudly swelling with their new command,Remove the living stones, that stopt their way,And gushing from their source, augment the sea.Then, with his mace, their monarch struck theground;With inward trembling Earth receiv'd the wound;And rising streams a ready passage found.Th' expanded waters gather on the plain:They float the fields, and over-top the grain;Then rushing onwards, with a sweepy sway,Bear flocks, and folds, and lab'ring hinds away.Nor safe their dwellings were, for, sap'd byfloods,Their houses fell upon their houshold Gods.The solid piles, too strongly built to fall,High o'er their heads, behold a watry wall:Now seas and Earth were in confusion lost;A world of waters, and without a coast.One climbs a cliff; one in his boat is born:And ploughs above, where late he sow'd his corn.Others o'er chimney-tops and turrets row,And drop their anchors on the meads below:Or downward driv'n, they bruise the tender vine,Or tost aloft, are knock'd against a pine.And where of late the kids had cropt the grass,The monsters of the deep now take their place.Insulting Nereids on the cities ride,And wond'ring dolphins o'er the palace glide.On leaves, and masts of mighty oaks they brouze;And their broad fins entangle in the boughs.The frighted wolf now swims amongst the sheep;The yellow lion wanders in the deep:His rapid force no longer helps the boar:The stag swims faster, than he ran before.The fowls, long beating on their wings in vain,Despair of land, and drop into the main.Now hills, and vales no more distinction know;And levell'd Nature lies oppress'd below.The most of mortals perish in the flood:The small remainder dies for want of food.A mountain of stupendous height there standsBetwixt th' Athenian and Boeotian lands,The bound of fruitful fields, while fields theywere,But then a field of waters did appear:Parnassus is its name; whose forky riseMounts thro' the clouds, and mates the lofty skies.High on the summit of this dubious cliff,Deucalion wafting, moor'd his little skiff.He with his wife were only left behindOf perish'd Man; they two were human kind.The mountain nymphs, and Themis they adore,And from her oracles relief implore.The most upright of mortal men was he;The most sincere, and holy woman, she.When Jupiter, surveying Earth from high,Beheld it in a lake of water lie,That where so many millions lately liv'd,But two, the best of either sex, surviv'd;He loos'd the northern wind; fierce Boreas fliesTo puff away the clouds, and purge the skies:Serenely, while he blows, the vapours driv'n,Discover Heav'n to Earth, and Earth to Heav'n.The billows fall, while Neptune lays his maceOn the rough sea, and smooths its furrow'd face.Already Triton, at his call, appearsAbove the waves; a Tyrian robe he wears;And in his hand a crooked trumpet bears.The soveraign bids him peaceful sounds inspire,And give the waves the signal to retire.His writhen shell he takes; whose narrow ventGrows by degrees into a large extent,Then gives it breath; the blast with doublingsound,Runs the wide circuit of the world around:The sun first heard it, in his early east,And met the rattling ecchos in the west.The waters, listning to the trumpet's roar,Obey the summons, and forsake the shore.A thin circumference of land appears;And Earth, but not at once, her visage rears,And peeps upon the seas from upper grounds;The streams, but just contain'd within theirbounds,By slow degrees into their channels crawl;And Earth increases, as the waters fall.In longer time the tops of trees appear,Which mud on their dishonour'd branches bear.At length the world was all restor'd to view;But desolate, and of a sickly hue:Nature beheld her self, and stood aghast,A dismal desart, and a silent waste.Which when Deucalion, with a piteous lookBeheld, he wept, and thus to Pyrrha spoke:Oh wife, oh sister, oh of all thy kindThe best, and only creature left behind,By kindred, love, and now by dangers joyn'd;Of multitudes, who breath'd the common air,We two remain; a species in a pair:The rest the seas have swallow'd; nor have weEv'n of this wretched life a certainty.The clouds are still above; and, while I speak,A second deluge o'er our heads may break.Shou'd I be snatcht from hence, and thou remain,Without relief, or partner of thy pain,How cou'dst thou such a wretched life sustain?Shou'd I be left, and thou be lost, the seaThat bury'd her I lov'd, shou'd bury me.Oh cou'd our father his old arts inspire,And make me heir of his informing fire,That so I might abolisht Man retrieve,And perisht people in new souls might live.But Heav'n is pleas'd, nor ought we to complain,That we, th' examples of mankind, remain.He said; the careful couple joyn their tears:And then invoke the Gods, with pious prayers.Thus, in devotion having eas'd their grief,From sacred oracles they seek relief;And to Cephysus' brook their way pursue:The stream was troubled, but the ford they knew;With living waters, in the fountain bred,They sprinkle first their garments, and their head,Then took the way, which to the temple led.The roofs were all defil'd with moss, and mire,The desart altars void of solemn fire.Before the gradual, prostrate they ador'd;The pavement kiss'd; and thus the saint implor'd.O righteous Themis, if the Pow'rs aboveBy pray'rs are bent to pity, and to love;If humane miseries can move their mind;If yet they can forgive, and yet be kind;Tell how we may restore, by second birth,Mankind, and people desolated Earth.Then thus the gracious Goddess, nodding, said;Depart, and with your vestments veil your head:And stooping lowly down, with losen'd zones,Throw each behind your backs, your mighty mother'sbones.Amaz'd the pair, and mute with wonder stand,'Till Pyrrha first refus'd the dire command.Forbid it Heav'n, said she, that I shou'd tearThose holy reliques from the sepulcher.They ponder'd the mysterious words again,For some new sense; and long they sought in vain:At length Deucalion clear'd his cloudy brow,And said, the dark Aenigma will allowA meaning, which, if well I understand,From sacrilege will free the God's command:This Earth our mighty mother is, the stonesIn her capacious body, are her bones:These we must cast behind. With hope, and fear,The woman did the new solution hear:The man diffides in his own augury,And doubts the Gods; yet both resolve to try.Descending from the mount, they first unbindTheir vests, and veil'd, they cast the stonesbehind:The stones (a miracle to mortal view,But long tradition makes it pass for true)Did first the rigour of their kind expel,And suppled into softness, as they fell;Then swell'd, and swelling, by degrees grew warm;And took the rudiments of human form.Imperfect shapes: in marble such are seen,When the rude chizzel does the man begin;While yet the roughness of the stone remains,Without the rising muscles, and the veins.The sappy parts, and next resembling juice,Were turn'd to moisture, for the body's use:Supplying humours, blood, and nourishment;The rest, too solid to receive a bent,Converts to bones; and what was once a vein,Its former name and Nature did retain.By help of pow'r divine, in little space,What the man threw, assum'd a manly face;And what the wife, renew'd the female race.Hence we derive our nature; born to bearLaborious life; and harden'd into care.The rest of animals, from teeming EarthProduc'd, in various forms receiv'd their birth.The native moisture, in its close retreat,Digested by the sun's aetherial heat,As in a kindly womb, began to breed:Then swell'd, and quicken'd by the vital seed.And some in less, and some in longer space,Were ripen'd into form, and took a sev'ral face.Thus when the Nile from Pharian fields is fled,And seeks, with ebbing tides, his ancient bed,The fat manure with heav'nly fire is warm'd;And crusted creatures, as in wombs, are form'd;These, when they turn the glebe, the peasants find;Some rude, and yet unfinish'd in their kind:Short of their limbs, a lame imperfect birth:One half alive; and one of lifeless earth.For heat, and moisture, when in bodies join'd,The temper that results from either kindConception makes; and fighting 'till they mix,Their mingled atoms in each other fix.Thus Nature's hand the genial bed preparesWith friendly discord, and with fruitful wars.From hence the surface of the ground, with mudAnd slime besmear'd (the faeces of the flood),Receiv'd the rays of Heav'n: and sucking inThe seeds of heat, new creatures did begin:Some were of sev'ral sorts produc'd before,But of new monsters, Earth created more.Unwillingly, but yet she brought to lightThee, Python too, the wondring world to fright,And the new nations, with so dire a sight:So monstrous was his bulk, so large a spaceDid his vast body, and long train embrace.Whom Phoebus basking on a bank espy'd;E're now the God his arrows had not try'dBut on the trembling deer, or mountain goat;At this new quarry he prepares to shoot.Though ev'ry shaft took place, he spent the storeOf his full quiver; and 'twas long beforeTh' expiring serpent wallow'd in his gore.Then, to preserve the fame of such a deed,For Python slain, he Pythian games decred.Where noble youths for mastership shou'd strive,To quoit, to run, and steeds, and chariots drive.The prize was fame: in witness of renownAn oaken garland did the victor crown.The laurel was not yet for triumphs born;But every green alike by Phoebus worn,Did, with promiscuous grace, his flowing locksadorn.TheThe first and fairest of his loves, was sheTransformationWhom not blind fortune, but the dire decreeof Daphne intoOf angry Cupid forc'd him to desire:a LawrelDaphne her name, and Peneus was her sire.Swell'd with the pride, that new success attends,He sees the stripling, while his bow he bends,And thus insults him: Thou lascivious boy,Are arms like these for children to employ?Know, such atchievements are my proper claim;Due to my vigour, and unerring aim:Resistless are my shafts, and Python lateIn such a feather'd death, has found his fate.Take up the torch (and lay my weapons by),With that the feeble souls of lovers fry.To whom the son of Venus thus reply'd,Phoebus, thy shafts are sure on all beside,But mine of Phoebus, mine the fame shall beOf all thy conquests, when I conquer thee.He said, and soaring, swiftly wing'd his flight:Nor stopt but on Parnassus' airy height.Two diff'rent shafts he from his quiver draws;One to repel desire, and one to cause.One shaft is pointed with refulgent gold:To bribe the love, and make the lover bold:One blunt, and tipt with lead, whose base allayProvokes disdain, and drives desire away.The blunted bolt against the nymph he drest:But with the sharp transfixt Apollo's breast.Th' enamour'd deity pursues the chace;The scornful damsel shuns his loath'd embrace:In hunting beasts of prey, her youth employs;And Phoebe rivals in her rural joys.With naked neck she goes, and shoulders bare;And with a fillet binds her flowing hair.By many suitors sought, she mocks their pains,And still her vow'd virginity maintains.Impatient of a yoke, the name of brideShe shuns, and hates the joys, she never try'd.On wilds, and woods, she fixes her desire:Nor knows what youth, and kindly love, inspire.Her father chides her oft: Thou ow'st, says he,A husband to thy self, a son to me.She, like a crime, abhors the nuptial bed:She glows with blushes, and she hangs her head.Then casting round his neck her tender arms,Sooths him with blandishments, and filial charms:Give me, my Lord, she said, to live, and die,A spotless maid, without the marriage tye.'Tis but a small request; I beg no moreThan what Diana's father gave before.The good old sire was soften'd to consent;But said her wish wou'd prove her punishment:For so much youth, and so much beauty join'd,Oppos'd the state, which her desires design'd.The God of light, aspiring to her bed,Hopes what he seeks, with flattering fancies fed;And is, by his own oracles, mis-led.And as in empty fields the stubble burns,Or nightly travellers, when day returns,Their useless torches on dry hedges throw,That catch the flames, and kindle all the row;So burns the God, consuming in desire,And feeding in his breast a fruitless fire:Her well-turn'd neck he view'd (her neck was bare)And on her shoulders her dishevel'd hair;Oh were it comb'd, said he, with what a graceWou'd every waving curl become her face!He view'd her eyes, like heav'nly lamps that shone,He view'd her lips, too sweet to view alone,Her taper fingers, and her panting breast;He praises all he sees, and for the restBelieves the beauties yet unseen are best:Swift as the wind, the damsel fled away,Nor did for these alluring speeches stay:Stay Nymph, he cry'd, I follow, not a foe.Thus from the lyon trips the trembling doe;Thus from the wolf the frighten'd lamb removes,And, from pursuing faulcons, fearful doves;Thou shunn'st a God, and shunn'st a God, thatloves.Ah, lest some thorn shou'd pierce thy tender foot,Or thou shou'dst fall in flying my pursuit!To sharp uneven ways thy steps decline;Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine.Yet think from whom thou dost so rashly fly;Nor basely born, nor shepherd's swain am I.Perhaps thou know'st not my superior state;And from that ignorance proceeds thy hate.Me Claros, Delphi, Tenedos obey;These hands the Patareian scepter sway.The King of Gods begot me: what shall be,Or is, or ever was, in Fate, I see.Mine is th' invention of the charming lyre;Sweet notes, and heav'nly numbers, I inspire.Sure is my bow, unerring is my dart;But ah! more deadly his, who pierc'd my heart.Med'cine is mine; what herbs and simples growIn fields, and forrests, all their pow'rs I know;And am the great physician call'd, below.Alas that fields and forrests can afford.No remedies to heal their love-sick lord!To cure the pains of love, no plant avails:And his own physick, the physician falls.She heard not half; so furiously she flies;And on her ear th' imperfect accent dies,Fear gave her wings; and as she fled, the windIncreasing, spread her flowing hair behind;And left her legs and thighs expos'd to view:Which made the God more eager to pursue.The God was young, and was too hotly bentTo lose his time in empty compliment:But led by love, and fir'd with such a sight,Impetuously pursu'd his near delight.As when th' impatient greyhound slipt from far,Bounds o'er the glebe to course the fearful hare,She in her speed does all her safety lay;And he with double speed pursues the prey;O'er-runs her at the sitting turn, and licksHis chaps in vain, and blows upon the flix:She scapes, and for the neighb'ring covert strives,And gaining shelter, doubts if yet she lives:If little things with great we may compare,Such was the God, and such the flying fair,She urg'd by fear, her feet did swiftly move,But he more swiftly, who was urg'd by love.He gathers ground upon her in the chace:Now breathes upon her hair, with nearer pace;And just is fast'ning on the wish'd embrace.The nymph grew pale, and in a mortal fright,Spent with the labour of so long a flight;And now despairing, cast a mournful lookUpon the streams of her paternal brook;Oh help, she cry'd, in this extreamest need!If water Gods are deities indeed:Gape Earth, and this unhappy wretch intomb;Or change my form, whence all my sorrows come.Scarce had she finish'd, when her feet she foundBenumb'd with cold, and fasten'd to the ground:A filmy rind about her body grows;Her hair to leaves, her arms extend to boughs:The nymph is all into a lawrel gone;The smoothness of her skin remains alone.Yet Phoebus loves her still, and casting roundHer bole, his arms, some little warmth he found.The tree still panted in th' unfinish'd part:Not wholly vegetive, and heav'd her heart.He fixt his lips upon the trembling rind;It swerv'd aside, and his embrace declin'd.To whom the God, Because thou canst not beMy mistress, I espouse thee for my tree:Be thou the prize of honour, and renown;The deathless poet, and the poem, crown.Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,And, after poets, be by victors worn.Thou shalt returning Caesar's triumph grace;When pomps shall in a long procession pass.Wreath'd on the posts before his palace wait;And be the sacred guardian of the gate.Secure from thunder, and unharm'd by Jove,Unfading as th' immortal Pow'rs above:And as the locks of Phoebus are unshorn,So shall perpetual green thy boughs adorn.The grateful tree was pleas'd with what he said;And shook the shady honours of her head.TheAn ancient forest in Thessalia grows;TransformationWhich Tempe's pleasing valley does inclose:of Io into aThrough this the rapid Peneus take his course;HeyferFrom Pindus rolling with impetuous force;Mists from the river's mighty fall arise:And deadly damps inclose the cloudy skies:Perpetual fogs are hanging o'er the wood;And sounds of waters deaf the neighbourhood.Deep, in a rocky cave, he makes abode(A mansion proper for a mourning God).Here he gives audience; issuing out decreesTo rivers, his dependant deities.On this occasion hither they resort;To pay their homage, and to make their court.All doubtful, whether to congratulateHis daughter's honour, or lament her fate.Sperchaeus, crown'd with poplar, first appears;Then old Apidanus came crown'd with years:Enipeus turbulent, Amphrysos tame;And Aeas last with lagging waters came.Then, of his kindred brooks, a num'rous throngCondole his loss; and bring their urns along.Not one was wanting of the wat'ry train,That fill'd his flood, or mingled with the main:But Inachus, who in his cave, alone,Wept not another's losses, but his own,For his dear Io, whether stray'd, or dead,To him uncertain, doubtful tears he shed.He sought her through the world; but sought invain;And no where finding, rather fear'd her slain.Her, just returning from her father's brook,Jove had beheld, with a desiring look:And, Oh fair daughter of the flood, he said,Worthy alone of Jove's imperial bed,Happy whoever shall those charms possess;The king of Gods (nor is thy lover less)Invites thee to yon cooler shades; to shunThe scorching rays of the meridian sun.Nor shalt thou tempt the dangers of the groveAlone, without a guide; thy guide is Jove.No puny Pow'r, but he whose high commandIs unconfin'd, who rules the seas and land;And tempers thunder in his awful hand,Oh fly not: for she fled from his embraceO'er Lerna's pastures: he pursu'd the chaceAlong the shades of the Lyrcaean plain;At length the God, who never asks in vain,Involv'd with vapours, imitating night,Both Air, and Earth; and then suppress'd herflight,And mingling force with love, enjoy'd the fulldelight.Mean-time the jealous Juno, from on high,Survey'd the fruitful fields of Arcady;And wonder'd that the mist shou'd over-runThe face of day-light, and obscure the sun.No nat'ral cause she found, from brooks, or bogs,Or marshy lowlands, to produce the fogs;Then round the skies she sought for Jupiter,Her faithless husband; but no Jove was there:Suspecting now the worst, Or I, she said,Am much mistaken, or am much betray'd.With fury she precipitates her flight:Dispels the shadows of dissembled night;And to the day restores his native light.Th' Almighty Leacher, careful to preventThe consequence, foreseeing her descent,Transforms his mistress in a trice; and nowIn Io's place appears a lovely cow.So sleek her skin, so faultless was her make,Ev'n Juno did unwilling pleasure takeTo see so fair a rival of her love;And what she was, and whence, enquir'd of Jove:Of what fair herd, and from what pedigree?The God, half caught, was forc'd upon a lye:And said she sprung from Earth. She took the word,And begg'd the beauteous heyfer of her lord.What should he do? 'twas equal shame to JoveOr to relinquish, or betray his love:Yet to refuse so slight a gift, wou'd beBut more t' increase his consort's jealousie:Thus fear, and love, by turns, his heart assail'd;And stronger love had sure, at length, prevail'd:But some faint hope remain'd, his jealous queenHad not the mistress through the heyfer seen.The cautious Goddess, of her gift possest,Yet harbour'd anxious thoughts within her breast;As she who knew the falshood of her Jove;And justly fear'd some new relapse of love.Which to prevent, and to secure her care,To trusty Argus she commits the fair.The head of Argus (as with stars the skies)Was compass'd round, and wore an hundred eyes.But two by turns their lids in slumber steep;The rest on duty still their station keep;Nor cou'd the total constellation sleep.Thus, ever present, to his eyes, and mind,His charge was still before him, tho' behind.In fields he suffer'd her to feed by Day,But when the setting sun to night gave way,The captive cow he summon'd with a call;And drove her back, and ty'd her to the stall.On leaves of trees, and bitter herbs she fed,Heav'n was her canopy, bare earth her bed:So hardly lodg'd, and to digest her food,She drank from troubled streams, defil'd with mud.Her woeful story fain she wou'd have told,With hands upheld, but had no hands to hold.Her head to her ungentle keeper bow'd,She strove to speak, she spoke not, but she low'd:Affrighted with the noise, she look'd around,And seem'd t' inquire the author of the sound.Once on the banks where often she had play'd(Her father's banks), she came, and there survey'dHer alter'd visage, and her branching head;And starting, from her self she wou'd have fled.Her fellow nymphs, familiar to her eyes,Beheld, but knew her not in this disguise.Ev'n Inachus himself was ignorant;And in his daughter, did his daughter want.She follow'd where her fellows went, as sheWere still a partner of the company:They stroak her neck; the gentle heyfer stands,And her neck offers to their stroaking hands.Her father gave her grass; the grass she took;And lick'd his palms, and cast a piteous look;And in the language of her eyes, she spoke.She wou'd have told her name, and ask'd relief,But wanting words, in tears she tells her grief.Which, with her foot she makes him understand;And prints the name of Io in the sand.Ah wretched me! her mournful father cry'd;She, with a sigh, to wretched me reply'd:About her milk-white neck, his arms he threw;And wept, and then these tender words ensue.And art thou she, whom I have sought aroundThe world, and have at length so sadly found?So found, is worse than lost: with mutual wordsThou answer'st not, no voice thy tongue affords:But sighs are deeply drawn from out thy breast;And speech deny'd, by lowing is express'd.Unknowing, I prepar'd thy bridal bed;With empty hopes of happy issue fed.But now the husband of a herd must beThy mate, and bell'wing sons thy progeny.Oh, were I mortal, death might bring relief:But now my God-head but extends my grief:Prolongs my woes, of which no end I see,And makes me curse my immortality!More had he said, but fearful of her stay,The starry guardian drove his charge away,To some fresh pasture; on a hilly heightHe sate himself, and kept her still in sight.The Eyes ofNow Jove no longer cou'd her suff'rings bear;ArgusBut call'd in haste his airy messenger,transform'dThe son of Maia, with severe decreeinto aTo kill the keeper, and to set her free.Peacock'sWith all his harness soon the God was sped,TrainHis flying hat was fastned on his head,Wings on his heels were hung, and in his handHe holds the vertue of the snaky wand.The liquid air his moving pinions wound,And, in the moment, shoot him on the ground.Before he came in sight, the crafty GodHis wings dismiss'd, but still retain'd his rod:That sleep-procuring wand wise Hermes took,But made it seem to sight a sherpherd's hook.With this, he did a herd of goats controul;Which by the way he met, and slily stole.Clad like a country swain, he pip'd, and sung;And playing, drove his jolly troop along.With pleasure, Argus the musician heeds;But wonders much at those new vocal reeds.And whosoe'er thou art, my friend, said he,Up hither drive thy goats, and play by me:This hill has browz for them, and shade for thee.The God, who was with ease induc'd to climb,Began discourse to pass away the time;And still betwixt, his tuneful pipe he plies;And watch'd his hour, to close the keeper's eyes.With much ado, he partly kept awake;Not suff'ring all his eyes repose to take:And ask'd the stranger, who did reeds invent,And whence began so rare an instrument?TheThen Hermes thus: A nymph of late there wasTransformationWhose heav'nly form her fellows did surpass.of SyrinxThe pride and joy of fair Arcadia's plains,into ReedsBelov'd by deities, ador'd by swains:Syrinx her name, by Sylvans oft pursu'd,As oft she did the lustful Gods delude:The rural, and the woodland Pow'rs disdain'd;With Cynthia hunted, and her rites maintain'd:Like Phoebe clad, even Phoebe's self she seems,So tall, so streight, such well-proportion'd limbs:The nicest eye did no distinction know,But that the goddess bore a golden bow:Distinguish'd thus, the sight she cheated too.Descending from Lycaeus, Pan admiresThe matchless nymph, and burns with new desires.A crown of pine upon his head he wore;And thus began her pity to implore.But e'er he thus began, she took her flightSo swift, she was already out of sight.Nor stay'd to hear the courtship of the God;But bent her course to Ladon's gentle flood:There by the river stopt, and tir'd before;Relief from water nymphs her pray'rs implore.Now while the lustful God, with speedy pace,Just thought to strain her in a strict embrace,He fill'd his arms with reeds, new rising on theplace.And while he sighs, his ill success to find,The tender canes were shaken by the wind;And breath'd a mournful air, unheard before;That much surprizing Pan, yet pleas'd him more.Admiring this new musick, Thou, he said,Who canst not be the partner of my bed,At least shall be the confort of my mind:And often, often to my lips be joyn'd.He form'd the reeds, proportion'd as they are,Unequal in their length, and wax'd with care,They still retain the name of his ungrateful fair.While Hermes pip'd, and sung, and told his tale,The keeper's winking eyes began to fail,And drowsie slumber on the lids to creep;'Till all the watchman was at length asleep.Then soon the God his voice, and song supprest;And with his pow'rful rod confirm'd his rest:Without delay his crooked faulchion drew,And at one fatal stroke the keeper slew.Down from the rock fell the dissever'd head,Opening its eyes in death; and falling, bled;And mark'd the passage with a crimson trail:Thus Argus lies in pieces, cold, and pale;And all his hundred eyes, with all their light,Are clos'd at once, in one perpetual night.These Juno takes, that they no more may fail,And spreads them in her peacock's gaudy tail.Impatient to revenge her injur'd bed,She wreaks her anger on her rival's head;With Furies frights her from her native home;And drives her gadding, round the world to roam:Nor ceas'd her madness, and her flight, beforeShe touch'd the limits of the Pharian shore.At length, arriving on the banks of Nile,Wearied with length of ways, and worn with toil,She laid her down; and leaning on her knees,Invok'd the cause of all her miseries:And cast her languishing regards above,For help from Heav'n, and her ungrateful Jove.She sigh'd, she wept, she low'd; 'twas all shecou'd;And with unkindness seem'd to tax the God.Last, with an humble pray'r, she beg'd repose,Or death at least, to finish all her woes.Jove heard her vows, and with a flatt'ring look,In her behalf to jealous Juno spoke,He cast his arms about her neck, and said,Dame, rest secure; no more thy nuptial bedThis nymph shall violate; by Styx I swear,And every oath that binds the Thunderer.The Goddess was appeas'd; and at the wordWas Io to her former shape restor'd.The rugged hair began to fall away;The sweetness of her eyes did only stay,Tho' not so large; her crooked horns decrease;The wideness of her jaws and nostrils cease:Her hoofs to hands return, in little space:The five long taper fingers take their place,And nothing of the heyfer now is seen,Beside the native whiteness of the skin.Erected on her feet she walks again:And two the duty of the four sustain.She tries her tongue; her silence softly breaks,And fears her former lowings when she speaks:A Goddess now, through all th' Aegyptian State:And serv'd by priests, who in white linnen wait.Her son was Epaphus, at length believ'dThe son of Jove, and as a God receiv'd;With sacrifice ador'd, and publick pray'rs,He common temples with his mother shares.Equal in years, and rival in renownWith Epaphus, the youthful PhaetonLike honour claims; and boasts his sire the sun.His haughty looks, and his assuming air,The son of Isis could no longer bear:Thou tak'st thy mother's word too far, said he,And hast usurp'd thy boasted pedigree.Go, base pretender to a borrow'd name.Thus tax'd, he blush'd with anger, and with shame;But shame repress'd his rage: the daunted youthSoon seeks his mother, and enquires the truth:Mother, said he, this infamy was thrownBy Epaphus on you, and me your son.He spoke in publick, told it to my face;Nor durst I vindicate the dire disgrace:Even I, the bold, the sensible of wrong,Restrain'd by shame, was forc'd to hold my tongue.To hear an open slander, is a curse:But not to find an answer, is a worse.If I am Heav'n-begot, assert your sonBy some sure sign; and make my father known,To right my honour, and redeem your own.He said, and saying cast his arms aboutHer neck, and beg'd her to resolve the doubt.'Tis hard to judge if Clymene were mov'dMore by his pray'r, whom she so dearly lov'd,Or more with fury fir'd, to find her nameTraduc'd, and made the sport of common fame.She stretch'd her arms to Heav'n, and fix'd hereyesOn that fair planet that adorns the skies;Now by those beams, said she, whose holy firesConsume my breast, and kindle my desires;By him, who sees us both, and clears our sight,By him, the publick minister of light,I swear that Sun begot thee; if I lye,Let him his chearful influence deny:Let him no more this perjur'd creature see;And shine on all the world but only me.If still you doubt your mother's innocence,His eastern mansion is not far from hence;With little pains you to his Leve go,And from himself your parentage may know.With joy th' ambitious youth his mother heard,And eager, for the journey soon prepar'd.He longs the world beneath him to survey;To guide the chariot; and to give the day:From Meroe's burning sands he bends his course,Nor less in India feels his father's force:His travel urging, till he came in sight;And saw the palace by the purple light.The End of the First Book.

Editor 1 Interpretation

Ovid's Metamorphoses: Book The First

Have you ever wondered what the world was like before humans roamed the earth? Ovid's Metamorphoses takes us on a journey through the mythological ages, where gods, goddesses, and heroes shape the world and the lives of mortals through their actions and transformations. Book The First introduces us to the origins of the world, the creation of humans, and the first stories of transformation that set the stage for the rest of the epic.

The Origins of the World

Ovid starts his epic with a creation story that is both familiar and strange. In the beginning, there was chaos, a formless void that contained everything that would eventually become the universe. From this chaos, the elements of earth, water, air, and fire were gradually separated and formed into the building blocks of the world we know.

But Ovid's creation story is not a straightforward one. Instead of a single creator god, we have a multitude of divine forces shaping the world. There is no order, no grand plan, only a series of accidents and coincidences that lead to the world we know. For example, the four elements are not created deliberately, but rather emerge from the chaos as the result of a battle between the gods.

This emphasis on chance and randomness is a recurring theme throughout the poem. Ovid presents the world as a place where anything can happen, where the fates of mortals and immortals alike are subject to the whims of the gods.

The Creation of Humans

After the world is formed, Ovid turns his attention to the creation of humans. Again, there is no single creator god. Instead, we have Prometheus, a Titan who steals fire from the gods and gives it to humanity. This act of rebellion sets the stage for the rest of the poem, as it shows that humans have the potential to challenge the gods and change the course of their own destinies.

But Prometheus' gift is not without consequences. The gods are angry at his defiance, and they punish him by creating the first woman, Pandora, who brings with her all manner of evils into the world. This is another example of the capriciousness of the gods, who seem to take pleasure in punishing those who dare to challenge them.

The First Transformations

With the creation of humans, Ovid introduces us to the first stories of transformation. The first of these is the story of Daphne and Apollo, a tale of unrequited love and metamorphosis. Apollo, the god of music and poetry, falls in love with Daphne, a nymph who wants nothing to do with him. In order to escape his advances, she prays to her father, a river god, to transform her into a tree. Her wish is granted, and she becomes a laurel tree, which Apollo then adopts as his sacred plant.

This is a story of thwarted desire and the power of nature. Daphne, who wants nothing more than to be left alone, is able to escape Apollo's advances by becoming one with the natural world. Apollo, who represents civilization and culture, is forced to recognize the limits of his power and accept the natural order of things.

The other story of transformation in this book is the myth of Io, a mortal woman who is turned into a cow by Zeus to hide his infidelity from his jealous wife Hera. This is a story of deception and punishment, as Zeus tries to cover up his misdeeds and Hera takes her revenge on Io by unleashing a gadfly to torment her.

But there is also a deeper meaning to this story. Io's transformation into a cow can be seen as a metaphor for the dehumanization of women in a patriarchal society. Like Io, women in ancient Greece were often treated as property and denied agency over their own lives. The story of Io can be read as a critique of this system, as it shows the devastating effects that male power and jealousy can have on women.

Conclusion

Ovid's Metamorphoses is a rich and complex epic that explores the nature of the universe, the origins of humanity, and the power of transformation. Book The First sets the stage for the rest of the poem, introducing us to the capricious nature of the gods, the potential of humanity, and the themes of love, loss, and metamorphosis that will recur throughout the work.

Ovid's use of myth and symbolism creates a world that is both familiar and strange, inviting us to explore the mysteries of the ancient past and the timeless truths of the human condition. Whether we are reading about the creation of the world, the birth of humanity, or the first transformations, Ovid's Metamorphoses continues to captivate and inspire readers today.

Editor 2 Analysis and Explanation

Poetry Metamorphoses: Book The First - A Journey Through Mythology

If you are a fan of mythology, then you must have heard of Ovid's Poetry Metamorphoses. This classic work of literature is a collection of myths and legends from ancient Greece and Rome, retold in a poetic and captivating manner. The book is divided into fifteen books, each containing stories of transformation, love, betrayal, and tragedy. In this article, we will focus on Book The First and explore the themes and motifs that make it a timeless masterpiece.

The first book of Poetry Metamorphoses sets the tone for the rest of the work. It begins with the creation of the world and the birth of the gods. Ovid describes how Chaos, the formless void, gave birth to the elements of the universe, including Earth, Sky, and Sea. From these elements, the gods were born, and they ruled over the world with their powers and passions.

One of the most prominent themes in Book The First is the power struggle between the gods. Ovid portrays the gods as flawed and imperfect beings, prone to jealousy, anger, and lust. For example, we see how Jupiter, the king of the gods, uses his power to seduce and manipulate mortal women. In the story of Io, Jupiter transforms the beautiful nymph into a cow to hide his affair from his wife, Juno. This theme of power and its corrupting influence is a recurring motif throughout the book.

Another important theme in Book The First is the idea of transformation. Ovid's work is filled with stories of gods and mortals changing their forms, often as a result of their own actions or the actions of others. For example, we see how Daphne, a nymph, transforms into a laurel tree to escape the advances of Apollo. Similarly, we see how Narcissus, a beautiful youth, falls in love with his own reflection and is transformed into a flower. These stories of transformation serve as a metaphor for the impermanence of life and the inevitability of change.

Love and desire are also prominent themes in Book The First. Ovid portrays love as a powerful force that can bring both joy and sorrow. We see how Cupid, the god of love, uses his arrows to make mortals fall in love with each other. However, we also see how love can lead to tragedy, as in the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, two young lovers who are separated by their families and ultimately die in each other's arms. Ovid's portrayal of love is complex and nuanced, reflecting the many facets of this powerful emotion.

Religion and spirituality are also important themes in Book The First. Ovid's work is steeped in the mythology and beliefs of ancient Greece and Rome. We see how the gods are worshipped and revered by mortals, and how they intervene in the lives of humans. However, we also see how religion can be used to justify cruelty and violence, as in the story of Lycaon, a king who is punished by Jupiter for his sacrilege. Ovid's portrayal of religion is both reverent and critical, reflecting the complex relationship between humans and the divine.

In addition to these themes, Book The First is also notable for its vivid and evocative imagery. Ovid's descriptions of the natural world are particularly striking, as he uses language to bring the landscape to life. For example, in the story of Phaethon, the son of the sun god, we see how the young man's reckless driving causes the earth to catch fire and the rivers to dry up. Ovid's use of imagery is both beautiful and terrifying, underscoring the power and majesty of the gods.

In conclusion, Ovid's Poetry Metamorphoses: Book The First is a timeless masterpiece of literature. Its themes of power, transformation, love, religion, and spirituality are as relevant today as they were in ancient times. Ovid's vivid and evocative imagery brings the stories to life, making them both beautiful and terrifying. If you are a fan of mythology, then this book is a must-read. It will take you on a journey through the world of the gods and mortals, and leave you with a deeper understanding of the human experience.

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